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Chapter · 0.5 min · from Man’s Search for Meaning

Critique of Pan-Determinism

Chapter summary from Man’s Search for Meaning by Viktor E. Frankl.

More by Viktor E. Frankl

Determinism is challenged at its most dangerous point: the claim that a person is fully explained, fully caused, and therefore not responsible.

Conditions shape you, but they do not completely write you. Even a narrow residue of freedom can matter, because it changes what you choose to become next.

The argument is practical: if you treat people as fully determined, you train them to abdicate responsibility.

Freedom without responsibility becomes arbitrariness. Responsibility without freedom becomes cruelty. Human life sits in the tension between them.

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